The esterification of Free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol is studied using Sulfonated Porous Carbon (SPC) as catalyst. In compare to the amorphous sugar catalyst and protonated Nafion, the proposed catalyst shows stability and high efficient performance in biodiesel production. The highest initial rate of oleic acid conversion is obtained at catalyst loading of 1 mmol H+ and mole ratio of MeOH/Oleic acid of 10. The prepared Sulfonated Porous Carbon reused at least three times without loss of activity.

Prosopis julifera is a non-edible feedstock found in the arid and semi-arid regions was used for the production of biodiesel. Solvent extraction technique was used for oil extraction from Prosopis julifera. The present work mainly concentrates on the three step process of biodiesel production from Prosopis julifera oil. The acid value of Prosopis julifera oil was reduced below 1% using acid catalyst 1% v/v H2SO4 followed by esterification process using alkaline catalyst (KOH). Transesterification reaction is found to be affected by the reaction variables namely methanol to oil molar ratio, amount of catalyst used, reaction time and reaction temperature. Gas chromatography was used to analyse the fatty acid methyl esters. The methyl ester obtained from the previous step was refined to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of Prosopis julifera methyl ester (PJME) such as viscosity, cetane number, flash point, acid value, etc were determined and compared according to the ASTM standards. The optimum reaction conditions of Methanol/oil molar ratio of 9: 1v/v, reaction temperature of 550C, reaction time of 2 hrs and 0. 75% w/v of KOH usage were determined. Response surface Methodology (RSM) technique was used to optimize the maximum yield of Prosopis julifera methyl ester.

Backgrounds: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease and Free fatty acids, as signaling molecules, can play a crucial role in the development of it. Different Free fatty acids, through various cell membrane receptors, induce different effects on metabolic pathways and thereby affect insulin sensitivity. Simvastatin is a cholesterol decreasing drug prescribed for hypercholesterolemic patients. Due to the observing insulin-sensitizing effect of simvastatin in our previous study, we decided to evaluate its effects on Free fatty acids profile as a probable mechanism for alteration of insulin sensitivity. Methods: Insulin resistance was developed in male Wistar rats by a high fructose diet for 6 weeks. After this period, animals were treated by intragastric injection of simvastatin for two weeks. Blood samples were collected in EDTA treated tubes and plasma was separated. After isolation of Free fatty acids from other lipids fractions, Free fatty acids profile were analyzed by gas chromatography system. Results: Simvastatin increased the concentrations of medium chains Free fatty acids such as hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. Simvastatin also increased plasma total Free fatty acids concentration. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that simvastatin by increasing the level of medium and long-chain Free fatty acids can increase insulin secretion; on the other hand, simvastatin by increasing the level of total and saturated Free fatty acids, could induce insulin resistance. More studies are necessary for the evaluation of the precise involved mechanisms in simvastatin effects on insulin function.

Background & Aims: Although regular and moderate exercise reduces cardiovascular risk, recent studies have shown an increase in biomarkers compatible with heart damage (e. g., cardiac troponin T after prolonged periods of exercise in healthy individuals without cardiovascular disease) (1–, 3). Studies show that strenuous physical activity may cause acute cardiovascular and hemodynamic stress, which can be assessed through necrosis of myocytes and myocardial infarction. Research shows that exercise is an effective factor in changing the levels of indicators Heart damage includes cardiac troponin T. Prolonged exercise is associated with an acute increase in cardiac biomarkers. Cardiac troponin T is a very specific marker of myocardial damage. Which is released from the myocardium during different periods of stress and heart damage(9). Cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T are proteins present in the contractile system of heart cells and are very sensitive and specific indicators of cardiac cell necrosis. As a result, these indicators are a good tool for assessing the potential damage to heart muscle cells in athletes. Prolonged exercise also leads to increased plasma Free fatty acid concentrations(10). The aim of this study was to explain Effect of physical activityon cardiac troponin T and Free fatty acids. Methods: 20 professional Sky Running athletes with an average age of 27-37 years from Tehran participated in this competition voluntarily and purposefully. The race was held in the valleys of Central Alborz, the total distance traveled was 21 km and 200 m, the starting point was 1650 m above sea level and the maximum altitude was 3150 m. 5 ml of blood was taken from the subjects 30 minutes before the start of the race. Immediately after the race and 1 hour later, 5 ml of blood was taken from the subjects again. To isolate serum after blood sampling, blood was poured into sterile test tubes labeled with each sample that did not contain any anticoagulants and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes. They were then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 minutes. The clear supernatant (serum) was carefully separated by a sampler 1000 so that it did not mix with the red blood cells, and the serum was kept at-80 °,C until the experiment was performed. Cardiac troponin T was injected by ELISA with a highsensitive kit with1. 56 ng / L sensitivity of Zellbio brand made in Germany and Free fatty acids were measured by colorimetric method with a hypersensitive kit with a sensitivity of 5 μ, mol/ L by Zellbio brand made in Germany. Correlated t-test at the significance level of 0. 05 alpha was used to evaluate the changes in the studied variables. Results: The amount of cardiac troponin T immediately after and one hour after the end of the race increased significantly compared to before the race (P <0. 05). The amount of Free fatty acids immediately and one hour after the end of the race increases significantly compared to before the race (P <0. 05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that immediately and 1 hour after the end of the Sky Running competition, the amount of cardiac troponin T increased significantly. These changes identified in our study are in accordance with the results of previous studies performed in athletes completing endurance competitions. Richardson et al. reported an increase in cardiac troponin T after the marathon, stating that an increase in cardiac troponin T was related to exercise intensity associated with ventilation threshold and maximal oxygen consumption, but it has nothing to do with a person's cardiovascular fitness, training status or exercise history(16). Similarly, Dapont et al. reported that cardiac troponin I was elevated in all marathon runners(17). Lagzaras et al. showed an increase in troponin levels in all participants in the triple race (18). While Kim et al. Moreover, Park et al. Did not observe a significant increase in cardiac troponin T after prolonged exercise(19, 20). Physiological mechanisms of cardiac biomarker enhancement associated with endurance activities include increased permeability of the cardiomyocyte membrane, which causes the release of cardiac troponin T in the cytosol on a concentration gradient from intracellular to extracellular. The initial peak represents the release of cardiac troponin T through the sarcolemma membrane, the level of which decreases after 24 hours and reflects the half-life and subsequent clearance of cardiac troponin T subunits. It has been suggested that mechanical or oxidative stress through Transient disorder (wounding) of sarcolemma may be responsible for this increase in membrane permeability and increase troponin secretion(21). Therefore,it seems that the increase in troponin following exercise may be a reflection of the adaptation of cellular cascades seen in exercise-induced remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy. Another result observed in the present study was a significant increase in Free fatty acids immediately and 1 hour after the race compared to before the race. Which was in line with previous studies in this field. Vincent et al. 2020 showed that long-term high-intensity exercise could deplete the heart fat basin(24). Waskiwisk et al. 2011 showed that prolonged exercise significantly increased Free fatty acids immediately, 12 and 24 hours after competition(35). Pak and Walk 2019 showed that cardiac troponin T did not change significantly, but Free fatty acids immediately after Completion of triple and triple ultra competitions increased significantly(20). Bilt et al. 2011 showed that a 2-hour cycle of fasting cycling in 11 men untrain, tripled plasma Free fatty acid concentrations while increasing cardiac lipid content, but did not impair systolic function(36). Elevated cardiac troponin T and elevated Free fatty acids can indicate a degree of "cardiac fatigue. " Increased Free fatty acids after competition and long-term exercise appear to play an important role in reducing cardiac inotropic. Due to the multifaceted nature of heart fatigue, two main hypotheses have been proposed: A reversible process of heart damage is often referred to as “, stunning “, ,Myocardial injury can underlie left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction,transient ischemia has a mechanism similar to cardiac fatigue, and can lead to a process called stunning, stunning theory because it leads to necrosis or injury. It does not become a permanent cell, it has a transient nature. It is called cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization. A wide range of studies have identified biomarkers of increased heart damage after prolonged exercise and have linked them to functional changes(29–, 32). Increased catecholamine concentrations, increased plasma Free fatty acids, and accumulation of oxygen Free radicals may lead to decreased blood flow to the heart through increased vascular tone and endothelial dysfunction(33). Physical activity increase heart injury biomarkers in professional athletes. Elevated cardiac troponin T and elevated Free fatty acids can indicate a degree of "cardiac fatigue". Increased Free fatty acids after competition and longterm exercise appear to play an important role in reducing cardiac inotropic.

2Jar cheese is a hard, slightly acidic and sweet pungent that has a granular state and has a dry appearance. In this study, the effect of relative substitution of NaCl salt with KCl (0.25, 50 and 75%) on the characteristics of Free fatty acids, fat, peroxide and acidity of Jar cheese was investigated. The results showed that replacing NaCl with KCl and ripening time (5, 45 and 90) did not have a significant effect on fat and peroxide levels (p> 0.05). The acidity content in different treatments did not change significantly with the replacement of NaCl with KCl, Acidity content was increased significantly during ripening period (p <0.05). The results of measurement of fatty acid profiles showed that butyric acid was detected in all treatments and its quantification was   in lowest amount within specific days of ripening period (5, 45 and 90). partial replacement of NaCl with KCl did not affect the Free fatty acid profile except for stearic acid (C18), and also no significant changes were observed in total amount of Free fatty acids measured among all treatments (p> 0.05). In terms of the overall acceptance sensory score, a significant difference was observed between the control treatment and the treatment containing (9% KCl + 3% NaCl) and the closest treatment to the control treatment in terms of the sensory score of flavor, texture, appearance and overall acceptance is the T1 treatment containing (3% KCl + 9% NaCl). In general, the results of this study showed that 50% NaCl can be substituted with KCl.

This study carried out to investigate the effects of soybean fatty acids and soybean calcium salt fatty acids on broiler chicken performance, carcass yield, pancreas and abdominal fat percentage. A total of 500 commercial crossbred of Ross was examined in 5 treatments and arranged on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates per each treatment. Twenty five chicks were placed in each pen. The experiment lasted for 49 days. Neither soybean fatty acids nor soybean calcium salt fatty acids were used during the experiment in the first treatment. In the second treatment, for starter, grower and finisher period 0, 2.5 and 5 percents of soybean fatty acids were included respectively. During the third treatment 0, 2.5 and 5 percents of calcium salt fatty acids were used respectively, but in the fourth treatment 2.5, 5 and 5 percents of soybean fatty acids were used respectively, and in fifth treatment within the same period, 2.5, 5 and 5 percents of calcium salt fatty acids were used respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the whole rearing periods (P<0.05). The results also showed significant differences among all treatments for carcass yield as well as pancreas percentage (P<0.05), and the use of soybean fatty acids and soybean calcium salt fatty acids had no significant effects on abdominal fat. It can be concluded from the results that the use of soybean fatty acids has precedence over calcium salt fatty acids on broiler performance.